24^th Annual Meeting on Nanomaterials Science September 20-21, 2019
San Francisco, California, USA

Nanostructures provide an interesting tool for studying the electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of matter at the nanometer scale. On the practical side, nanostructures can provide significant improvements in the performance of electronic/optical devices and sensors. In addition, optical sources and detectors having nm-size dimensions exhibit improved characteristics not achievable in larger devices. These improvements create novel possibilities for next-generation computation and communication devices. In the sensors area, shrinking dimensions beyond conventional optical lithography can provide major improvements in sensitivity and selectivity.

Bionanotechnology is an inter-disciplinary area of research that placed at the interface of chemistry, biology, materials science, engineering and medicine. The exploitation of the inherent properties of nucleic acid like DNA to create useful materials is a promising area of modern research. Proteins that self-assemble to produce functional materials could be used as an innovative method for the significant production of programmable nanomaterials. Also, virus like nanoparticle plays a very important role in bionanotechnology due to their monodisperse nature and biocompatibility. The major area of research in bionanotechnology are DNA bionanotechnology and Lipid bionanotechnology.  

A nanorobot is a tiny machine designed to accomplish a definite mission repetitively and with precision at nanoscale dimensions. Nanorobots have potential applications in the assembly and maintenance of classy systems. Nanorobots are of special interest to researchers in the medical industry.   Nanoscale systems can also function much faster than their larger counterparts because displacements are smaller; this allows mechanical and electrical events to occur in less time at a given speed.

Nanotoxicology is defined as the study of the nature and mechanism of toxic effects of nanoparticles on living organisms and other biological systems. It also deals with the quantitative assessment of the severity and occurrence of nanotoxic effects relative to the exposure of the organisms. Human exposure routes for nanoparticles are mainly mediated through inhalation, dermal, oral intake or by injection. The small particle size and the shape of nanomaterial enables uptake into blood and lymph circulation and circulation to tissues in the body that normally are protected by barriers, such as the brain by penetration of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB).

Nanotechnology is rapidly entering the world of smart materials and taking them to the next level. Smart materials are defined as materials with properties engineered to change in a controlled manner under the influence of external stimuli. Some of the external stimuli are temperature, force, moisture, electric charge, magnetic fields and pH. The self-assembly of peptides has enormous applications in the fields of medicine and electronics. Bio-inspired engineered systems have been designed based on the mechanistic perceptions obtained from natural systems for novel self-assembled structures.  In the biological system, each cell type is programmed to display different levels of smartness.

Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells. It is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others. Targeted drug delivery seeks to concentrate the medication in the tissue of interest while reducing the relative concentration of the medication in the remaining tissues. This improves efficacy and reduce side effects.

Nanotheranostics is a burgeoning field in recent years, which makes use of “nanotechnology” for diagnostics and therapy of different diseases. The advent of nanotheranostics is expected to benefit the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries in the next 5-10 years. Nanotechnology holds an immense potential to be explored as a multifunctional platform for a wide range of biological and engineering applications such as molecular sensors for disease diagnosis, therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases, and a vehicle for delivering therapeutics and imaging agents for theranostic applications in cells and living animals.

Many whitening and antiaging cosmetic products apply various vitamin complexes and their derivatives, but not all products offer sufficient tangible results, as the corneum layer of the skin acts as a barrier that considerably reduces the absorption rate of the vitamins and other active ingredients. Apart from this, the vitamins are decomposed easily under ordinary conditions. The nanocosmetic technology can help these skin whitening and antiwrinkle/sagging applications, to nanosize the vitamin derivatives, amino acids, and other active ingredients, so that they can reach the target areas in a stable form, and sustain the pharmacological effect for a long time.

A nanocomposite is a multiphase durable material where one of the stage as one, a few measurement of under 100nm, or structures having nanoscale rehash contrast between the distinctive stages that make up the material. It comprises of at least one irregular stages which appropriated in one nonstop stage where persistent stage is called "grid" while spasmodic stage is called "support" or "fortifying material". The nanocomposites is grouped into polymer based and non-polymer based nanocomposite. It has a wide application in electrocatalyst in batteries for vitality sparing, lite weight material for less fuel utilization, in counterfeit joints, marine application, scraped spot and wear application.

Nanosensor is a very tiny device which is capable of detecting and responding to any physical stimuli with dimensions of less than 100nm. Nanosensors are any chemical, biological or surgical parts that is used to convey information about nanoparticles to the macroscopic world. The use of nanosensors mainly involves various medicinal purposes and as gateways to building other nanoproducts, such as computer chips that work at the nanoscale and nanorobots. Currently, there are many ways proposed to make nanosensors, including top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly, and molecular self-assembly.

Biomedical nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing fields of research across the globe. In terms of products for use inside the human body, nanotechnology-based applications for anticancer drugs, implanted insulin pumps, and gene therapy are being developed, while other researchers are working on prostheses and implants which contain nanostructured materials. Carbon nanotubes might be useful as drug delivery vehicles inside or on the surface of the human body. Cosmetics based on quantum dots (3-5 nm) as well as nano-crystalline materials such as zinc oxide, for use in advanced sunscreens, are also available.

Forensic science mainly deals with identification, evaluation, investigation of the crime, finding connections between pieces of evidence and perpetrators. Nanotechnology has been increasingly proven to be a powerful tool in a number of areas including medicine, imaging, and energy sciences. Nanotechnology may have a potential to make efficient positive involvement in forensic drug detection to solve crimes. It was theorized that the nanoparticles and chemically modified nanoparticles may alter or enhance the spectroscopic signals of forensic drugs in fingerprint samples. Nanoparticle has unique and unified nanostructures that may specifically interact with forensic drugs via their well-controlled nanostructures.

The meaning of nanofood is that nanotechnology methods or apparatuses are utilized amid development, creation, preparing, or bundling of the nourishment. It doesn't mean molecularly adjusted sustenance or nourishment created by nanomachines. Nanotechnologists are more idealistic about the possibility to change the current arrangement of sustenance handling and to guarantee the wellbeing of nourishment items, making a solid nourishment culture. They are additionally cheerful of upgrading the nutritious nature of sustenance through chose added substances and changes to the way the body processes and assimilates nourishment.

The use of nanotechnology to human social insurance, offers various potential pathways to enhancing therapeutic determination and treatment and even to recover tissues and organs. It can totally change the human services segment for the people to come. Nanotechnology will help medicinal experts in the present most intense therapeutic issues, for example, repairing of harmed organs, conclusion and treatment of disease cells, expulsion of obstacle in cerebrum and it can help in better medication conveyance framework. Nanotechnology can be utilized for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research and applications. Nano particles can be utilized as a part of focusing on tumor cells at beginning stage. Nanotechnology can be utilized to create ''signature protein'' to treat tumor.

Neuroengineering focuses on the development of artificial devices and novel materials to be functionally and structurally interfaced with the central nervous system (CNS). Today, there is the expectation that materials science and nanotechnology will be able to address these challenges and lead to breakthroughs at the level of the interfaces between artificial transducers/actuators and living cells. Nanoparticles are able to penetrate the BBB of in vitro and in vivo models; and therefore can be used to develop diagnostic tools as well as nano-enabled delivery systems that can bypass the BBB in order to facilitate conventional and novel neurotherapeutic interventions such as drug therapy, gene therapy, and tissue regeneration.

The implementation of nanotechnology poses unknown risks which are difficult to assess with respect to their impact on the environment, human health, ethical, legal and societal issues. Nanomaterials are already released into the environment because of their small dimensions nanomaterials can be largely distributed within the environment in water streams, soil and air. The absorption of nanoparticle in human body is mediated through skin, lung, gastro-intestinal tract. They are distributed within the whole organism via blood and lymphatic systems. Also ideals like toxic particles that can go everywhere and self-replicating nanorobots can produce fear and uncertainty in the broad public and can lead to severe societal problems.

Sustainable nanotechnology is the development of science and technology within the 1 – 100 nanometer scale, with considerations to the long-term economic viability and a sensible use of natural resources, while minimizing negative effects to human health and the environment. Potential negative effects may be caused by engineered nanomaterials or by anthropogenic changes in the prevalence of naturally occurring nanomaterials. Nanotechnology offers substantial prospects for the development of innovative products and it is expected that the number of nanotechnology-based products will increase in the future.

Explanatory science is frequently depicted as the range of  science in charge of portraying the arrangement of issue, both subjectively and quantitatively. Generally scientific experts routinely make subjective and quantitative measurements. Analytical scientists ordinarily work at the extraordinary edges of examination, broadening and enhancing the capacity of all scientific experts to make important estimations on littler examples, on more mind boggling tests, on shorter time scales, and on species exhibit at bring down focuses. There are a wide assortment of procedures utilized for examination, from basic weighing (gravimetric investigation) to titrations (titrimetric) to extremely progressed procedures utilizing profoundly specific instrumentation. There are numerous more methods that have particular applications, and inside each major expository procedure there are numerous applications also, varieties of the general procedures.

Nanotechnology and biomedical medications utilizing undeveloped cells, (for example, remedial cloning) are among the most up to date veins of biotechnological examine. Foundational microorganisms (SCs) are undifferentiated cells in charge of the development, homeostasis and repair of many tissues. The support and survival of SCs is emphatically impacted by a few jolts from the neighborhood microenvironment. The greater part of flagging atoms associate with SCs at the nanoscale level. Hence, platforms with surface nanostructures have potential applications for SCs and in the field of regenerative solution.

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Nanophotonics is defined as the science and engineering of light matter interactions that take place on wavelength and subwavelength scales where the physical, chemical or structural nature of natural or artificial nanostructured matter controls the interactions. Nanophotonics researchers pursue a very wide variety of goals, in fields ranging from biochemistry to electrical engineering.